ADHD and Challenging Behaviour
What is ADHD?
ADHD—previously known as ADD—is a neurodevelopmental condition that may begin in early childhood and can continue into adulthood. It’s now believed that about 5% of young people have ADHD, with a higher incidence in boys (10%) than girls (4%). Adding to the complexity, what was once called “ADD” is now considered the inattentive type of ADHD, and the term ADD is no longer used clinically. Today, diagnosis encompasses three subtypes: the hyperactive/impulsive type, where kids display disruptive behaviors; the inattentive type, which is less disruptive but equally challenging; and a combined version with both sets of symptoms. additudemag
ADHD can be diagnosed in children, youth, and adults, and many adults receive a diagnosis later in life often only after years of struggles with attention, organization, work, relationships, and self-esteem. Psychiatry +2
Without support, ADHD can cause problems at home, at school, at work, and with relationships. And despite the best of intentions, teachers and parents often lack the tools and skills to help kids with ADHD.
Importantly, our understanding of ADHD is evolving. ADHD is now increasingly viewed through a neurodiversity lens—a perspective that recognizes it as a difference in brain wiring, rather than simply a disorder or deficit. Many individuals with ADHD have unique strengths and talents, and embracing neurodiversity means creating environments that support and value these differences.
If you suspect your child or teen may have ADHD, seeking guidance and support can make a significant difference on their journey to thriving.
Symptoms of ADHD?
ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental condition that typically begins in early childhood and can continue through adolescence and adulthood. As mentioned, what was once called “ADD” is now recognized as a type of ADHD—specifically, the inattentive presentation.
Symptoms can appear as early as ages 3 to 6 and generally fall into two main categories: hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention. Some individuals experience predominantly one type, while others have a combined presentation with symptoms from both.
Symptoms of the hyperactivity/impulsivity type include:
- Fidgeting or squirming in their seat
- Difficulty sitting still for long periods
- Running or climbing excessively when it’s not appropriate
- Difficulty playing or engaging quietly
- Talking excessively
- Blurting out answers, questions, or comments impulsively
- Difficulty waiting their turn in activities or conversations
- Interrupting or intruding on others
Symptoms of the inattentive type include:
- Difficulty paying attention to details, especially in schoolwork
- Trouble maintaining focus during tasks or play
- Difficulty listening when spoken to directly
- Struggling to complete tasks or follow through on instructions
- Frequently losing things like toys, school supplies, or personal items
- Being forgetful in daily routines and activities
It’s important to recognize that these symptoms must be persistent, interfere with daily life, and be present across multiple settings (home, school, etc.) to warrant a diagnosis. ADHD often co-occurs with other conditions such as learning disorders, anxiety, depression, oppositional defiant disorder, substance use disorders, and tic disorders, which can add to the complexity of the individual’s experience. Treating ADHD separately from anxiety is important, as addressing ADHD symptoms effectively can often lead to a reduction in anxiety, improving overall emotional well-b
How ADHD Can Affect Development
When left untreated, ADHD can influence various areas of a child’s physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development. Children with ADHD experience differences in brain maturation—while brain development follows a similar sequence as in other children, some regions may mature two to three years later on average.
In adolescence, ADHD can affect executive functioning, which plays an important role in planning, organization, and self-regulation. Teens with ADHD may often focus intensely on the present moment and immediate rewards, finding it challenging to anticipate the long-term consequences of their actions. This can sometimes lead to increased risk-taking behaviors. Many young people with ADHD also report feeling different from their peers, experiencing a strong sense of individuality and sometimes overestimating their abilities.
Socially, children and adolescents with ADHD may face challenges in connecting with both peers and adults. They can be perceived as intrusive or immature because they might miss subtle social cues and find it harder to navigate personal relationships. When parents, teachers, and friends don’t fully understand how ADHD affects a young person, the resulting mismatched expectations can impact their self-esteem.
Supporting Children with ADHD
It’s important for parents, educators, and caregivers to approach ADHD with empathy and understanding. The young person is not being difficult intentionally; rather, their brain processes and emotional development are different in ways that shape the behaviors and challenges seen in ADHD.
The encouraging news is that a variety of evidence-based strategies can support children with ADHD. These include behavior management techniques, creating supportive environments tailored to the child’s needs, and helping families set realistic and compassionate expectations. Embracing a holistic perspective that focuses on strengths as well as challenges can make a meaningful difference.
Often, the most effective approach involves collaboration between the family, the child, and the school community. Medication may also be a helpful part of treatment for some children and teens, with well-established safety and effectiveness. Additionally, psycho-educational assessments can provide valuable insights into a young person’s unique strengths and areas where extra support may be beneficial, including any learning differences.
Strategies to Support Your Child & Youth with ADHD
The following strategies are a helpful starting point for parents and caregivers supporting a child with ADHD. Each child is unique, so it’s important to tailor approaches to fit your child’s specific needs, strengths, and challenges. As you learn more about ADHD and work closely with your child and professionals, you’ll discover additional tools and techniques that best support your family’s journey. These foundational strategies can create a positive environment that encourages growth and success.
- Create Clear and Consistent Expectations: Establish simple, specific rules and routines that your child can easily understand and follow. Consistency between caregivers and settings is key.
- Use Positive Reinforcement: Frequently praise and reward your child for positive behaviors to build confidence and encourage repetition of those behaviors.
- Develop Predictable Routines: Set daily schedules for meals, homework, playtime, and bedtime to provide structure and reduce stress.
- Organize the Environment: Keep your home and your child’s belongings tidy, with designated places for important items like school supplies and clothes to help reduce distractions.
- Collaborate with Schools and Professionals: Work closely with teachers and healthcare providers to develop tailored support plans, ensuring your child’s needs are understood and met in all environments.
Hope and Empowerment for ADHD
While there is currently no cure for ADHD, available treatments can reduce symptoms and support young people in reaching their full potential. With the right understanding and care, millions of children and teens with ADHD thrive and grow into healthy, productive adults who make valuable contributions in their lives and communities.
Take The First Step Of Your Therapy
Start your journey with a therapist who truly listens.
Take The First Step Of Your Therapy
The kids who need the most love will ask for it in the most unloving ways
– John Bowlby
©
YourTherapy. All Rights Reserved
Your Therapy offers strengths-based therapy for individuals, couples, and families, led by experienced Social Workers and Psychotherapists. We collaborate closely to ensure effective, high-quality care.
Your Therapy offers strengths-based therapy for individuals, couples, and families, led by experienced Social Workers, Psychotherapists. We collaborate closely to ensure effective, high-quality care.
© 2025 YourTherapy. All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy | Terms & Conditions